2010年12月25日 星期六

Linux Modules(7.3)- work queue


Work queue提供一個interface,讓使用者輕易的建立kernel thread並且將work綁在這個kernel thread上面,如下圖[1]所示。

由於work queue是建立一個kernel thread來執行,所以是在process context,不同於tasklet的interrupt context,因此,work queue可以sleep(設定semaphore或者執行block I/O等等)。

Creating Work
透過 DECLARE_WORK(name, void (work_func_t)(struct work_struct *work)); // statically
或者
INIT_WORK(struct work_struct*, void (work_func_t)(struct work_struct *work)); //dynamically
建立work,就是要執行的工作。
有了work還需要將它和work thread結合,您可以透過create_singlethread_workqueue("name")建立一個名為name的single thread(執行work的thread就稱為work thread),或者create_workqueue("name")建立per cpu的thread。接著就是要將work和work thread做關聯了,透過queue_work(work_thread, work)就可以將work送給work thread執行了。

queue_delayed_work(work_thread, delayed_work, delay)為queue_work()的delay版本。
flush_workqueue(work_thread)會wait直到這個work_thread的work都做完。flush_workqueue()並不會取消任何被delay執行的work,如果要取消delayed的work則需要呼叫cancel_delayed_work(delayed_work)將delayed_work自某個work thread中移除。

最後,要將work_thread摧毀要呼叫destroy_workqueue(work_thread)。


event/n
除了自己建立work thread以外,kernel還建立一個公用的work thread稱為event

kernel/workqueue.c
void __init init_workqueues(void)
{
    …
    keventd_wq = create_workqueue("events");
    …
}

您可以透過schedule_work(&work)將,work送給"events"執行,flush_scheduled_work(void)等待"events"中所有的work執行完畢。


#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/workqueue.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

static void brook_1_routine(struct work_struct *);
static void brook_2_routine(struct work_struct *);
static void brook_3_routine(struct work_struct *);

static struct work_struct *brook_1_work; // for event
static DECLARE_WORK(brook_2_work, brook_2_routine);
static DECLARE_DELAYED_WORK(brook_3_work, brook_3_routine);
static struct workqueue_struct *brook_workqueue;
static int stop_wq;
module_param(stop_wq, int, S_IRUGO | S_IWUGO);

static int __init init_modules(void)
{
    // for event
    brook_1_work = kzalloc(sizeof(typeof(*brook_1_work)), GFP_KERNEL);
    INIT_WORK(brook_1_work, brook_1_routine);
    schedule_work(brook_1_work);

    // for brook_wq
    brook_workqueue = create_workqueue("brook_wq");
    queue_work(brook_workqueue, &brook_2_work);
    queue_delayed_work(brook_workqueue, &brook_3_work, 0);
    stop_wq = 0;
    return 0;
}

static void __exit exit_modules(void)
{
    cancel_delayed_work(&brook_3_work);
    flush_workqueue(brook_workqueue);
    stop_wq = 1;
    destroy_workqueue(brook_workqueue);
}

static void brook_1_routine(struct work_struct *ws)
{
    printk("%s(): on cpu:%d, pname:%s\n",
            __func__, smp_processor_id(), current->comm);
}

static void brook_2_routine(struct work_struct *ws)
{
    printk("%s(): on cpu:%d, pname:%s\n",
            __func__, smp_processor_id(), current->comm);
    // do something to block/sleep
    // the work in the same workqueue is also deferred.
    msleep(5000);
    if (!stop_wq) {
        queue_work(brook_workqueue, &brook_2_work);
    }
}

static void brook_3_routine(struct work_struct *ws)
{
    printk("%s(): on cpu:%d, pname:%s\n",
            __func__, smp_processor_id(), current->comm);
    queue_delayed_work(brook_workqueue, &brook_3_work, 50);
}

module_init(init_modules);
module_exit(exit_modules);


Kernel Version:2.6.35
參考資料:
  1. http://www.embexperts.com/viewthread.php?tid=12&highlight=work%2Bqueue
  2. Linux Kernel Development 2nd, Novell Press



2010年12月18日 星期六

Inline Assembly


最近在看kernel的code,裡面有些組語的語法,所以就花點時間把它看了一下,基本上,這邊幾乎都是參考Brennan's Guide to Inline Assembly[1]。

GCC使用的asm是AT&T/UNIX的語法而不是Intel的語法,所以有些不同必須先弄清楚。

GCC 的 inline assembly 基本格式是:
 asm ( assembler template
     : output operands     (optional)
     : input operands     (optional)
     : list of clobbered registers     (optional)
     );
沒用的欄位可以空下來。最後一個欄位是用來告訴GCC在asm code中,我們已經用了哪些register。

Register name:
Register的名稱前面必須加上”%”
  • AT&T:%eax
  • Intel:eax
為了讓GCC的asm能跨平台,所以可以用%0、%1...%n代表後面依序出現的register。


Source/Destination ordering:
AT&T的source永遠在左邊而destination永遠在右邊
  • AT&T:movl %eax, %ebx
  • Intel:mov ebx, eax
  • 您可以在Instruction後面會被加上b、w和l,用以區分operand的size,分別代表byte、word和long,在不加的情況下,gcc會自動判斷,但有可能誤判。



Constant value/immediate value format:
Constant value/immediate value前面必須加上”$”
  • AT&T:movl $boo, %eax
  • Intel:mov eax, boo
  • 將boo的address載到eax中,boo必須是static變數。
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    static int x __asm__ ("x") = 10;
    int y;

    x = atoi(argv[1]);
    __asm__("movl $x, %0"  // 這邊的%0代表後面出現的第一個register,即y。
            : "=r" (y));
    // output operand前一定要有個"="表示這個constraint是write-only,
    //  "="叫constraint modifier。
    // input output operands後一定要跟著相對應的C 變數的參數,
    // 這是給asm的參數。
    printf("x=%p, y=0x%x\n", &x, y);
    return 0;
}

  • AT&T:movl $0xabcd, %eax
  • Intel:mov eax, abcd
  • 將eax設為0xabcd。
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int y;

    __asm__("movl $0xabcd, %0"
            : "=r" (y));

    printf("y=0x%x\n", y);
    return 0;
}


Referencing memory:
  • AT&T:immed32(basepointer,indexpointer,indexscale)
  • Intel:[basepointer + indexpointer*indexscale + immed32]
  • 沒用的欄位可以空下來。
Addressing a particular C variable:
  • AT&T:_booga
  • Intel:[_booga]
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    static int i __asm__ ("i");
    int io;

    i = atoi(argv[1]);

    __asm__("movl i, %0;\n"
            : "=r"(io));
    printf("i=%d, io=%d\n", i, io);

    return 0;
}

Addressing a variable offset by a value in a register:
  • AT&T:_variable(%eax)
  • Intel:[eax + _variable]
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    struct ic {
        int i;
        char c;
    };

    int i = 0;
    char c = 0;
    static struct ic ic __asm__ ("ic");

    ic.i = 11;
    ic.c = 'b';

    __asm__("movl $ic, %%eax;\n"
            "mov (%%eax), %0;\n"
            "mov 4(%%eax), %1;\n"
            : "=r"(i), "=r"(c)
            : "m"(ic)
            : "%eax");
    printf("i=%d, c=%c\n", i, c);

    return 0;
}

Addressing a value in an array of integers (scaling up by 4):
  • AT&T:_array(,%eax,4)
  • Intel:[eax*4 + array]
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{   
    int i; 
    static int ary[2][3] __asm__("ary") = {
        {0, 1, 2},
        {10, 11, 12}
    };

    // i = ary[1][1]
    __asm__("movl $12, %%eax;\n" // cal how many size of one raw
            "movl $4, %%ebx;\n"  // which column
            "movl ary(%%ebx, %%eax, 1), %0;\n" 
            : "=r" (i)
            :
            : "%eax", "%ebx");
    printf("i=%d\n", i);

    return 0;
}


參考資料
  1. http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/brennan/brennan_att_inline_djgpp.html
  2. http://www.study-area.org/cyril/opentools/opentools/x969.html



2010年12月12日 星期日

用一張圖來為 Git 快速入門(Git Cheat Sheet)


用一張圖來為 Git 快速入門(Git Cheat Sheet)












參考資料:
網路



2010年12月11日 星期六

Linux Kernel(13)- syscall


System Call在HW和user space提供一層抽象層,主要目的有:
  • 為user space提供硬體抽象層。比如,讀取檔案時,不用管檔案所在的媒體類型與檔案儲存類型。
  • System call能確保系統的安全與穩定。避免user space的無意或惡意的破壞。

除了exception和trap以外,System call是user space進入kernel space的唯一管道。
User space的programming主要是base on API(Application Programming Interface)並非system call,從programmer的觀點來看,關注的是API(如C library)而非system call。


System call的return type為long,主要是要相容64bit,return value通常代表失敗或成功,失敗時,error code當常寫入global variable “errno”。

典型的system call都以sys_開頭,如getpid()的system call為:
asmlinkage long sys_getpid(void)
{
    return current->tgid;
}

在Linux中(x86),將所有的system call存放在一個system call table中,透過system call number來所引(index)要執行的system call,儘管每個platform所implement的system call table和system call number都不同,但是原理都是相同的,首先會將system call number存放在某個特定的CPU register(X86放在eax),並將system call的參數也存放置其他的register(最多5個參數,x86依序為ebx、ecx、edx、esi和edi),接著透過int 0x80進入system call處理程序,透過system call number(eax)在system call table中找到相對應的system call,並且執行該system call,因為參數存放是先就定義好了,所以就可以在registers(x86依序為ebx、ecx、edx、esi和edi)中依序讀出要處理的參數,超過五個參數就會用structure來傳遞,而ioctl這個不定參數的system call是傳遞pointer的方式來存取,ioctl是一個不好的例子,因為定義不是很明確,system call最好是能定義明確。


新增system call “brook()”到kernel 2.6.32的步驟(x86)

  1. 新增一筆system call entry到sys_call_table中arch/x86/kernel/syscall_table_32.s。
  2. 直接在最後面加入”.long sys_brook”

  3. 定義brook的system call number,arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_32.h,並將NR_syscalls做遞增。
  4. #define __NR_brook              337
    #define __NR_syscalls           338
    

  5. 定義system call的原型,include/linux/syscalls.h。
  6. asmlinkage long sys_brook(int n, unsigned long arg);
    

  7. 加入至system call table中,arch/x86/kernel/syscall_table_32.S。
  8. .long sys_brook;
    

  9. 撰寫system call的內容。
  10. 建立一個新的資料夾名為”brook_syscall”,並將這個資料夾加入Makefile的core-y+=中。 brook_syscall/Makefile
    obj-y := brook.o
    

    brook_syscall/brook.c
    #include <linux/kernel.h>
    #include <linux/syscalls.h>
    #include <linux/uaccess.h>
    
    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(brook, int, n, unsigned long, arg)
    {
        int __user *p = (int __user *) arg;
        int i, x, sum = 0, err = 0;
        printk("n=%d, ", n);
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            err = get_user(x, p + i);
            sum += x;
            if (err) {
                return err;
            }
            printk("[%d]=%d, ", i, x);
        }
    
        return sum;
    }
    

    頂層的Makefile要將brook_syscall加入core-y中
    ifeq ($(KBUILD_EXTMOD),)
    core-y += kernel/ mm/ fs/ ipc/ security/ crypto/ block/ brook_syscall/
    

  11. 撰寫Application測試system call
  12. 這邊我們撰寫一個類似C library這層的功能"brook_app/brook.h"
    #include <linux/unistd.h>
    #include 
    #define __NR_brook 337
    int brook(int n, ...)
    {
        int ret;
        va_list ap;
    
        va_start(ap, n);
        ret = syscall(__NR_brook, n, ap);
        va_end(ap);
        return ret;
    }
    

    application呼叫brook(),再由brook()轉call我們的system call "sys_brook()"
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include "brook.h"
    int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    {
        return printf("%d\n", brook(3, 3, 2, 1));
    }
    


Kernel Version:2.6.32
參考資料:
  • Linux Kernel Development 2nd, Novell Press
  • http://pradeepkumar.org/2010/01/implementing-a-new-system-call-in-kernel-version-2-6-32.html
  • Professional Linux Kernel Architecture, Wiley Publishing


config automatically switches from 32-bit to 64-bit for x86


今天我用我的NB去make config,卻發現config會自動的切成64bit的,如果想要編成32bit,就執行linux32 make menuconfig即可。

參考資料:
http://kerneltrap.org/mailarchive/linux-kernel/2010/6/6/4579953/thread



2010年12月6日 星期一

人生三態(轉貼)


人生有三態,悲觀、樂觀與達觀。
悲觀的人在山腳看世界,看到幽冥小徑;
樂觀的人在山腰看世界,看到柳暗花明;
達觀的人在山頂看世界,看到天廣地清。
悲觀的人說:人生像一杯苦酒,清濁均苦澀。
樂觀的人說:人生像一杯美酒,點滴皆芬芳。
達觀的人說:人生像一杯清泉,冷暖都清涼。
 
悲觀的人看到花謝的悲傷;
樂觀的人看到花開的燦爛;
達觀的人看到花果的希望。
悲觀的人見到人生的生老病死;
樂觀的人見到人生的甘甜喜樂;
達觀的人見到人生的春夏秋冬。
 
悲觀的人嘆人生步步走向死亡;
樂觀的人讚人生步步邁上尖端;
達觀的人悟人生步步回歸自然。
悲觀的人趨向陰暗一角;
樂觀的人迎向光明一面;
達觀的人橫跨陰陽二界。
 
悲觀的人埋怨風向;
樂觀的人等待風向;
達觀的人調整風帆。
 
悲觀的人用加法生活,平添勞苦;
樂觀的人用減法生活,減少憂傷;
達觀的人用除法生活,分享喜樂。



2010年12月5日 星期日

git筆記


先把用過的指令List出來
git init
Create an empty git repository or reinitialize an existing one

git add
Add file contents to the index

git commit
Record changes to the repository

git log
Show commit logs.

git config
Get and set repository or global options.

git branch
List, create, or delete branches.

git checkout
Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree.

git clone
Clone a repository into a new directory.


建立Local Repository並且加入新檔
brook@vista:~/git_test$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/brook/git_test/.git/
brook@vista:~/git_test$ echo 1 > a.txt
brook@vista:~/git_test$ git add .
brook@vista:~/git_test$ git commit -a -m "init version"
[master (root-commit) 3f4bf46] init version
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 a.txt
brook@vista:~/git_test$ git log --stat
commit 3f4bf46a188e676104bd8bb929a8ba85e85bb536
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Sat Dec 4 22:21:16 2010 +0800

    init version

 a.txt |    1 +
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)


透過ssh複製遠端的Repository
brook@vista:~/git_test2$ git clone ssh://brook@127.0.0.1/home/brook/git_test/ .
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/brook/git_test2/git_test/.git/
brook@127.0.0.1's password: 
remote: Counting objects: 3, done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Receiving objects: 100% (3/3), done.
brook@vista:~/git_test2$ ls
a.txt


建立branch/複製遠端的branch
brook@vista:~/git_test$ git branch 顯示目前的branch
* master
brook@vista:~/git_test$ git branch new_branch建立一個名為new_branch的branch
brook@vista:~/git_test$ git branch 
* master
  new_branch
brook@vista:~/git_test$ git checkout new_branch 切換到new_branch
Switched to branch 'new_branch'
brook@vista:~/git_test$ git branch 
  master
* new_branch

複製遠端的branch
brook@vista:~/git_test2$ git checkout --track origin/new_branch 
Branch new_branch set up to track remote branch new_branch from origin.
Switched to a new branch 'new_branch'
brook@vista:~/git_test2$ git branch 
  master
* new_branch

利用pull(下載)/push(上傳)更新資料
利用pull更新資料
brook@vista:~/test$ mkdir git1
brook@vista:~/test$ mkdir git2
brook@vista:~/test$ cd git1/
brook@vista:~/test/git1$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/brook/test/git1/.git/
brook@vista:~/test/git1$ echo "01" > 01.txt
brook@vista:~/test/git1$ git add 01.txt
brook@vista:~/test/git1$ git commit -a -m "v1"
[master (root-commit) 6d3302a] v1
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 01.txt
brook@vista:~/test/git1$ cd ../git2
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ git clone ../git1 .
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/brook/test/git2/.git/
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ ls
01.txt
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ cd ../git1
brook@vista:~/test/git1$ echo "012" > 01.txt 
brook@vista:~/test/git1$ git commit -a -m "v2"
[master 9824999] v2
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/test/git1$ cd ../git2/
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ git pull
remote: Counting objects: 5, done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From /home/brook/test/git2/../git1
   6d3302a..9824999  master     -> origin/master
Updating 6d3302a..9824999
Fast-forward
 01.txt |    2 +-
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ cat 01.txt 
012

利用push(上傳)更新資料
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ echo "0123" > 01.txt 
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ git commit -a -m "v3"
[master 3dd46af] v3
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 231 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: error: refusing to update checked out branch: refs/heads/master
remote: error: By default, updating the current branch in a non-bare repository
remote: error: is denied, because it will make the index and work tree inconsist
ent
remote: error: with what you pushed, and will require 'git reset --hard' to matc
h
remote: error: the work tree to HEAD.
remote: error: 
remote: error: You can set 'receive.denyCurrentBranch' configuration variable t
remote: error: 'ignore' or 'warn' in the remote repository to allow pushing int
remote: error: its current branch; however, this is not recommended unless you
remote: error: arranged to update its work tree to match what you pushed in som
remote: error: other way.
remote: error: 
remote: error: To squelch this message and still keep the default behaviour, se
remote: error: 'receive.denyCurrentBranch' configuration variable to 'refuse'.
To /home/brook/test/git2/../git1
 ! [remote rejected] master -> master (branch is currently checked out)
error: failed to push some refs to '/home/brook/test/git2/../git1'
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ vim ../git1/.git/config 
[core]
    repositoryformatversion = 0
    filemode = true
    bare = false
    logallrefupdates = true
[receive]
    denyCurrentBranch = false
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 231 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/brook/test/git2/../git1
   9824999..3dd46af  master -> master
brook@vista:~/test/git2$ cd ../git1
brook@vista:~/test/git1$ git log -1
commit 3dd46af43524c4e81597f392f58899c78faf087b
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:37:39 2010 +0800

    v3

merge預設會將每一個change重作一次
rook@vista:~/git$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/brook/git/.git/
brook@vista:~/git$ echo "01" > 01.txt
brook@vista:~/git$ git add 01.txt
brook@vista:~/git$ git commit -a -m "v1"
[master (root-commit) 0b7b5ea] v1
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 01.txt
brook@vista:~/git$ git branch my_branch
brook@vista:~/git$ git checkout my_branch 
Switched to branch 'my_branch'
brook@vista:~/git$ git branch 
  master
* my_branch
brook@vista:~/git$ echo "012" > 01.txt 
brook@vista:~/git$ git commit -a -m "v2"
[my_branch de5e153] v2
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/git$ echo "0123" > 01.txt 
brook@vista:~/git$ git commit -a -m "v3"
[my_branch a8d702d] v3
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/git$ echo "01234" > 01.txt 
brook@vista:~/git$ git commit -a -m "v4"
[my_branch 8bae340] v4
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/git$ git log
commit 8bae34004943242020b4e1b54726ae1bb77bb991
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:50:43 2010 +0800

    v4

commit a8d702da300bbf643c5b7a7f3be60d7133658b5f
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:50:26 2010 +0800

    v3

commit de5e153e8f3414ede60891c21686811b2cf704a6
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:50:16 2010 +0800

    v2

commit 0b7b5ead8e486ba7dc3f1dc75498f27ebd008805
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:49:11 2010 +0800

    v1
brook@vista:~/git$ git checkout master 
Switched to branch 'master'
brook@vista:~/git$ git merge my_branch 
Updating 0b7b5ea..8bae340
Fast-forward
 01.txt |    2 +-
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/git$ cat 01.txt 
01234
brook@vista:~/git$ git log 
commit 8bae34004943242020b4e1b54726ae1bb77bb991
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:50:43 2010 +0800

    v4

commit a8d702da300bbf643c5b7a7f3be60d7133658b5f
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:50:26 2010 +0800

    v3

commit de5e153e8f3414ede60891c21686811b2cf704a6
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:50:16 2010 +0800

    v2

commit 0b7b5ead8e486ba7dc3f1dc75498f27ebd008805
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:49:11 2010 +0800

    v1

subversion方式的merge(squash)
brook@vista:~/git$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/brook/git/.git/
brook@vista:~/git$ echo "01" > 01.txt
brook@vista:~/git$ git add .
brook@vista:~/git$ git commit -a -m "v1"
[master (root-commit) fbf643a] v1
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 01.txt
brook@vista:~/git$ git branch my_branch
brook@vista:~/git$ git checkout my_branch 
Switched to branch 'my_branch'
brook@vista:~/git$ echo "012" > 01.txt
brook@vista:~/git$ git commit -a -m "v2"
[my_branch 51c6575] v2
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/git$ echo "0123" > 01.txt
brook@vista:~/git$ git commit -a -m "v3"
[my_branch 67873cb] v3
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/git$ git log
commit 67873cb645636a0ab70309cfa65b678ed49eb2b9
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:58:42 2010 +0800

    v3

commit 51c6575ba88dcfb8a3cfd19b2b4d36ae85fd5ac1
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:58:37 2010 +0800

    v2

commit fbf643a72076d43c16a089c2fe330c357bba004e
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:58:12 2010 +0800

    v1
brook@vista:~/git$ git checkout master 
Switched to branch 'master'
brook@vista:~/git$ git merge --squash my_branch 
Updating fbf643a..67873cb
Fast-forward
Squash commit -- not updating HEAD
 01.txt |    2 +-
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/git$ git commit -a -m "merge with squash"
[master eefb013] merge with squash
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
brook@vista:~/git$ git log
commit eefb0132ae0c1eaa40b746bca7b5440c54e63cb2
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 23:00:49 2010 +0800

    merge with squash

commit fbf643a72076d43c16a089c2fe330c357bba004e
Author: Brook <rene3210@>
Date:   Wed Dec 15 22:58:12 2010 +0800

    v1



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